Carbon Removal
Pathways & Methodologies

Forest Carbon Through Tree Establishment and Restoration

ARR projects establish or restore tree cover on lands that have been without forest for at least 10 years. Activities range from afforestation on bare degraded land and reforestation of cleared areas to assisted natural regeneration (ANR) and commercial plantations with verified carbon co-benefits.

Teravent's TNS v1.0 Annex A governs five ARR methodology types. All projects require allometric biomass measurement, stratified soil organic carbon sampling, and a minimum 20% buffer pool contribution to protect against fire, pest, and drought reversals.

ARR Methodology Variants

• Afforestation on chronically degraded or eroded land (ARR-M01)
• Reforestation of cleared or converted forest (ARR-M02)
• Native species revegetation on grassland or shrubland (ARR-M03)
• Assisted Natural Regeneration - protection and selective management (ARR-M04)
• Commercial plantation with verified biodiversity and carbon co-benefits (ARR-M05)

Measurement & Verification

Integrating Trees into Agricultural and Pastoral Systems

Agroforestry deliberately integrates trees within cropland and pastoral systems, sequestering carbon in tree biomass and soils while maintaining agricultural productivity. Teravent credits both biomass carbon and soil organic carbon where baseline land was cropland or degraded pasture.

Under TNS v1.0 Annex B, five agroforestry methodologies are eligible. A default 10% leakage deduction applies unless the project documents that no production displacement has occurred, in which case the TSA may waive the deduction.

Agroforestry Systems Accepted

• Silvopasture - trees integrated with livestock grazing (AGF-M01)
• Alley cropping - tree rows alternating with food or fibre crops (AGF-M02)
• Homegardens and multi-strata systems on smallholder plots (AGF-M03)
• Riparian buffer strips along waterways (AGF-M04)
• Windbreaks and shelterbelts for crop and pasture protection (AGF-M05)

Measurement & Verification

Soil Organic Carbon Enhancement Through Improved Land Management

Agricultural soil carbon projects increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through improved land management practices. Teravent requires rigorous direct soil sampling - minimum one composite sample per 2 ha - with bulk density measurement and laboratory analysis at each verification cycle.

TNS v1.0 Annex C governs five soil carbon methodologies. Class I Biological permanence applies; projects must contribute 20–40% of gross verified credits to the Buffer Pool and maintain a legal commitment to improved practices for the full crediting period.

Qualifying Land Management Activities

• Cover cropping between main crop seasons (ASC-M01)
• Reduced and no-till farming to preserve soil carbon structure (ASC-M02)
• Compost, manure, and organic matter application (ASC-M03)
• Deep-rooted and high-residue crop rotation (ASC-M04)
• Conversion to permanent grassland or native pasture (ASC-M05)

Measurement & Verification

Active Restoration of Degraded Terrestrial Ecosystems

Ecosystem restoration projects actively recover the structure, function, and carbon stocks of degraded terrestrial systems. A reference ecosystem approach is mandatory: intact or recovered sites representing the target ecosystem must be identified to validate the carbon stock trajectory modelled for the project.

TNS v1.0 Annex D covers four ecosystem types. Savanna and dryland projects must include a fire management plan. Ecological integrity indicators - vegetation cover, species richness, invasive species, soil health, and hydrological function - are monitored alongside carbon stocks.

Ecosystem Types Covered

• Riparian and floodplain restoration - vegetation and hydrology (ECO-M01)
• Savanna and grassland restoration with fire management (ECO-M02)
• Dryland restoration using drought-adapted native species (ECO-M03)
• Upland forest multi-species planting and assisted regeneration (ECO-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Protecting Intact and Threatened Ecosystems from Conversion

Conservation projects generate Teravent Nature Credits by preventing the deforestation or degradation of ecosystems at demonstrable risk of conversion. A spatial threat model using minimum 10-metre resolution remote sensing must document historical deforestation rates and active drivers - agricultural expansion, logging concessions, or infrastructure - over at least 10 years.

TNS v1.0 Annex E applies a 20–40% market leakage deduction for timber and agricultural commodity supply effects. Activity-shifting leakage is separately assessed. Indigenous and community stewardship projects (BIO-M05) are eligible for the Teravent Indigenous Stewardship co-benefit label.

Conservation Project Types Accepted

• Avoided unplanned deforestation - protecting forest at risk of illegal or spontaneous clearing (BIO-M01)
• Avoided planned deforestation - preventing legally-permitted forest conversion (BIO-M02)
• Avoided conversion of non-forest native ecosystems (BIO-M03)
• Protected area management - active carbon protection programmes (BIO-M04)
• Indigenous and community land stewardship with FPIC documented (BIO-M05)

Measurement & Verification

Coastal Carbon Sequestration at Exceptional Density

Blue carbon ecosystems sequester carbon at rates up to 10× faster per hectare than terrestrial forests. Sediment organic carbon - the dominant carbon store in coastal systems - must be sampled by systematic coring to a minimum depth of 100 cm. CH₄ and N₂O fluxes from sediments must be measured or accounted for using TSA-approved default adjustment factors.

TNS v1.0 Annex F covers four blue carbon methodologies. Hydrological integrity is mandatory: projects must demonstrate that tidal inundation conditions appropriate for the target ecosystem are or will be restored. The Water+ and Indigenous Stewardship co-benefit labels are frequently applicable to blue carbon projects in coastal communities.

Blue Carbon Ecosystem Types

• Mangrove restoration and conservation in tidal zones (BLC-M01)
• Seagrass meadow replanting and recovery facilitation (BLC-M02)
• Salt marsh hydrological restoration and revegetation (BLC-M03)
• Tidal wetland conservation - avoided drainage and conversion (BLC-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Protecting the World's Most Carbon-Dense Terrestrial Ecosystems

Peatlands store approximately twice as much carbon as all the world's forests combined despite covering only 3% of land area. Rewetting degraded peatlands reduces CO₂ emissions from peat oxidation - quantified using water table depth as a proxy variable - while CH₄ increases from rewetting must be measured and deducted from net GHG benefit.

TNS v1.0 Annex G requires water table gauges at minimum one per 10 ha and LiDAR or ground-penetrating radar for peat depth mapping. Subsidence monitoring using surface elevation tables is mandatory. Severely degraded peatlands with lowered water tables carry high fire risk; fire management protocols are required.

Peatland and Wetland Methods

• Peatland rewetting - blocking drainage infrastructure to restore hydrology (PTL-M01)
• Paludiculture - wet-adapted crops or timber on rewetted peatlands (PTL-M02)
• Avoided peat drainage - preventing first-time drainage of intact peat (PTL-M03)
• Freshwater wetland restoration on degraded organic soils (PTL-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Increasing Carbon Stocks in Commercially Managed Forests

IFM projects generate credits by changing forest management practices to increase carbon stocks above baseline harvest levels. The baseline must reflect the most plausible management under the applicable legally-approved forest management plan, using a minimum 10 years of historical harvest records.

TNS v1.0 Annex H requires harvested wood product (HWP) accounting, including product mix tracking and TSA-approved half-life values by product category. Market leakage deductions of 20–40% apply where the project forest supplies more than 5% of regional timber demand.

IFM Project Categories

• Extended rotation forestry - delaying harvest to accumulate more biomass (IFM-M01)
• Reduced-impact logging - directional felling, reduced skid trails (IFM-M02)
• Conversion from clear-cut to selection or shelter-wood systems (IFM-M03)
• Thinning and fire risk reduction - overstocked stand management (IFM-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Machine-Based Atmospheric CO₂ Removal - The Highest-Purity Credits

DACCS uses engineered sorbent or solvent systems to chemically bind CO₂ from ambient air at atmospheric concentration. Captured CO₂ is permanently stored via geological injection or basalt mineralisation. DAC credits are TTC-R Removal Credits - the highest-quality designation in the Teravent system.

TTS v1.0 Annex A requires continuous mass flow metering at ±2% accuracy at the capture unit outlet. Projects powered entirely by verified renewable or nuclear energy are eligible for the Zero Fossil Input quality label. Basalt mineralisation storage must demonstrate carbonate conversion within 20 years of injection via XRD analysis.

DACCS System Types Accepted

• Solid sorbent DAC - temperature or vacuum swing adsorption, geological storage (DAC-M01)
• Liquid solvent DAC - KOH or MEA absorption with thermal calcination (DAC-M02)
• Electrochemical DAC - pH swing via bipolar membrane electrodialysis (DAC-M03)
• Moisture-swing sorbent DAC - humidity-driven absorption on ion exchange resins (DAC-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Negative Emissions from Sustainable Biomass Energy

BECCS captures biogenic CO₂ from biomass combustion or conversion processes and stores it geologically, producing net negative emissions because the biomass absorbed atmospheric CO₂ during growth. Biogenic and fossil CO₂ must be disaggregated throughout accounting - biogenic capture generates TTC-R Removal Credits, fossil co-firing generates TTC-D Reduction Credits.

TTS v1.0 Annex B requires biomass feedstock to meet Teravent Sustainable Biomass Criteria (TSBC): not sourced from primary forest or peatland; land use change GHG emissions below 35 gCO₂e/MJ; and sustainable supply certification. Carbon isotope analysis (¹³C/¹²C ratio) verifies the biogenic fraction at minimum once per monitoring period per fuel type.

BECCS Process Variants

• Dedicated biomass power plant with post-combustion amine scrubbing (BEC-M01)
• Bioethanol fermentation - concentrated CO₂ stream capture and geological injection (BEC-M02)
• Biomass gasification with pre-combustion CO₂ separation and storage (BEC-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Industrial Point-Source Emission Capture and Permanent Storage

CCUS captures CO₂ from industrial flue gases before it is emitted to atmosphere. Credits are TTC-D Reduction Credits - avoided industrial emissions rather than atmospheric removal. Eligible sources include cement and lime production, iron and steel, chemical and petrochemical plants, hydrogen production, and large-scale power generation.

TTS v1.0 Annex C requires baseline emission intensity to be measured from actual fuel consumption and feedstock carbon content, updated at each annual verification. Capture efficiency must exceed 90% for full crediting; the uncaptured fraction is excluded. Industrial facilities deploying CCUS must include a Just Transition Plan for affected workers in the PDD.

CCUS Capture Methods Accepted

• Post-combustion amine scrubbing - MEA or proprietary amine solvents (CCU-M01)
• Post-combustion solid sorbent - temperature or pressure swing adsorption (CCU-M02)
• Pre-combustion capture - gasification and physical solvent separation (CCU-M03)
• Oxy-fuel combustion - pure O₂ combustion producing concentrated CO₂ stream (CCU-M04)
• CO₂ utilisation in long-lived materials with verified 50+ year service life (CCU-M05)

Measurement & Verification

Accelerating Earth's Natural Carbon Mineralisation Cycle

ERW accelerates natural silicate mineral weathering: crushed rocks dissolve in soil water, releasing alkalinity that sequesters CO₂ as stable dissolved bicarbonate ultimately transferred to the ocean. ERW offers true geological permanence - once mineralised, carbon is stable on million-year timescales. Soil pH amelioration and nutrient supply provide compelling agricultural co-benefits.

TTS v1.0 Annex D approves three quantification approaches: cation flux monitoring (Ca, Mg, Si in soil drainage water), strontium or lithium isotopic tracing to distinguish rock-derived alkalinity, or approved geochemical models calibrated against 12+ months of field data. A conservative 10% deduction applies unless site-specific uncertainty is below 10% at 90% confidence.

ERW Application Methods

• Basalt application on cropland - cation flux tracked via soil drainage (ERW-M01)
• Silicate rock powder - olivine, wollastonite, or mixed minerals on managed land (ERW-M02)
• Coastal and beach weathering - high-energy marine environments (ERW-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Converting Injected CO₂ to Stable Carbonate Minerals Underground

In-situ mineralisation injects CO₂ into reactive subsurface geological formations where it is converted to stable solid carbonate minerals through geochemical reactions. Basaltic rock formations - rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron silicates - are the primary target, enabling carbonate conversion within 20 years of injection rather than relying solely on physical trapping.

TTS v1.0 Annex E requires a Site Characterisation Report demonstrating mineral reactivity, permeability, and geomechanical stability before validation. Mineralisation progress is verified by XRD analysis of monitoring well core samples and geochemical analysis of monitoring well fluids at each verification event.

In-situ Mineralisation Variants

• CO₂ dissolved in water injected into olivine- or pyroxene-rich basalt (INM-M01)
• Mine tailings in-situ carbonation in underground workings (INM-M02)
• Alkaline industrial residue in-situ carbonation subsurface (INM-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Permanently Locking CO₂ into Alkaline Industrial Residues

Industrial waste mineralisation accelerates carbonation of alkaline industrial by-products by exposing them to CO₂-rich gas streams, permanently locking carbon into stable carbonate phases. Credits are TTC-D Reduction Credits. Feedstock must be verified as genuine waste from a third-party industrial process that would not have been carbonated absent the project.

TTS v1.0 Annex F requires XRD analysis of carbonated products per batch confirming carbonate mineral phases, plus mass balance of input CO₂ versus measured off-gas concentration to calculate carbonation efficiency. Feedstock reclassification from waste to a tradeable product triggers an additionality re-assessment.

Industrial Residues Eligible

• Steel slag carbonation - BOF and EAF slag in carbonation reactors (IWM-M01)
• Cement kiln dust - calcium-rich residues in controlled carbonation (IWM-M02)
• Fly ash and bottom ash mineralisation from coal or biomass combustion (IWM-M03)
• Ultramafic mine tailings carbonation - olivine or serpentine-rich tailings (IWM-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Supercritical CO₂ Injection into Deep Geological Formations

Geological storage injects CO₂ in supercritical form into formations at depths exceeding 800 metres - deep saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs - where physical and geochemical trapping mechanisms provide permanent containment. TTS v1.0 Annex G governs standalone storage projects and serves as the mandatory storage protocol for DACCS, BECCS, CCUS, and bio-oil projects.

A Site Characterisation Report demonstrating reservoir capacity, caprock integrity, and 100-year pressure migration modelling is required before validation. Post-closure monitoring continues for a minimum of 30 years after injection ceases. Annual surface CO₂ flux surveys, microseismic monitoring, and groundwater quality sampling in overlying aquifers are mandatory throughout.

Geological Storage Routes

• Deep saline aquifers - primary standalone and component storage target
• Depleted oil and gas reservoirs - established pressure-temperature envelopes
• Basaltic formations - where mineralisation is primary trapping mechanism (per Annex E)
• Storage component for DACCS (Annex A), BECCS (Annex B), CCUS (Annex C), Bio-oil (Annex H)

Measurement & Verification

Durable Carbon Removal via Pyrolysis Bio-oil Deep Injection

Bio-oil geological storage produces carbon-rich liquid bio-oil from sustainable biomass through fast pyrolysis and injects it into geological formations at depths exceeding 500 metres. Bio-oil contains approximately 50–60% carbon by mass. Net lifecycle GHG emissions must be negative for project eligibility - a full LCA per Teravent LCA Protocol TLP v1.0 is required.

TTS v1.0 Annex H requires CHNS elemental analysis of bio-oil at minimum one sample per 200 tonnes produced to verify carbon content. Groundwater quality monitoring for organic compound contamination - BTEX, phenols, PAHs - in overlying aquifers is mandatory annually, adapted from the Annex G geological storage monitoring framework.

Bio-oil Storage Variants

• Fast pyrolysis bio-oil production and geological injection (BOG-M01)
• Bio-oil blending with compatible subsurface fluids for enhanced injectivity (BOG-M02)

Measurement & Verification

Converting Captured CO₂ into Stable Long-Lived Carbon Materials

Synthetic carbon material projects electrochemically or thermochemically convert captured CO₂ into stable solid carbon products - carbon fibre, graphene, carbon black, and structural composites - with verified service lives exceeding 50 years. Carbon source determines credit type: atmospheric or biogenic CO₂ feedstock generates TTC-R; fossil industrial CO₂ generates TTC-D.

TTS v1.0 Annex I requires a Product Lifetime Assessment (PLA) at validation demonstrating 50+ year service life, plus an End-of-Life Carbon Management Plan ensuring product disposal does not release CO₂ within the TTC durability period. CHNS elemental analysis per production batch verifies carbon content.

Carbon Material Types Accepted

• Carbon fibre from atmospheric CO₂ - structural and industrial applications (SCM-M01)
• Graphene and carbon black - high-value nanomaterials from CO₂ (SCM-M02)
• Solid carbon construction products - panels, aggregates, composites (SCM-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Permanently Sequestering CO₂ in Concrete During Manufacturing

CO₂ concrete curing injects CO₂ into fresh concrete during the curing process, where it reacts with calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phases to form stable calcium carbonate minerals. The process simultaneously sequesters carbon and can enhance concrete compressive strength. CO₂ sourced from atmospheric or biogenic capture generates TTC-R; fossil industrial CO₂ generates TTC-D.

TTS v1.0 Annex J requires mass balance of CO₂ injected versus chamber off-gas to calculate net mineralised fraction, plus XRD analysis of cured concrete - minimum five core samples per 500 m³ - confirming calcite content. Structural service life determines durability: minimum 50 years required for Class III designation.

Concrete Curing Methods

• CO₂ injection into enclosed curing chambers for precast products (COC-M01)
• CO₂ mineralisation during recycled concrete aggregate production (COC-M02)
• CO₂ curing with supplementary cementitious materials - fly ash, slag (COC-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Enhancing the Ocean's Natural CO₂ Absorption Capacity

OAE increases seawater alkalinity to drive atmospheric CO₂ uptake through inorganic carbonate chemistry. The ocean absorbs approximately 30% of annual anthropogenic CO₂ emissions; OAE accelerates this by adding alkaline materials or electrochemically generating alkalinity. A mandatory 15% conservative deduction is applied to all OAE projects given ocean chemistry quantification uncertainties.

TTS v1.0 Annex K requires total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measured at treatment and paired control sites for net CO₂ uptake attribution. Independent marine ecology surveys by qualified marine scientists are required at each annual verification to assess impacts on native communities, calcifying organisms, and water quality.

OAE Approaches Registered

• Lime or calcium hydroxide addition to coastal or open-ocean waters (OAE-M01)
• Olivine dissolution in coastal or beach environments (OAE-M02)
• Electrochemical seawater alkalinity generation without solid additions (OAE-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Frontier Technology - Electrochemical CO₂ Stripping from Seawater

Electrochemical ocean CDR uses bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) or direct seawater electrolysis to remove dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater, enabling the ocean to absorb additional atmospheric CO₂. All extracted CO₂ must be permanently stored via geological injection or mineral carbonation - temporary venting to atmosphere is not permitted.

This is a pre-commercial pathway (TRL 4–7) eligible for the Teravent Frontier Technology designation. Enhanced requirements apply: mandatory TSA Technical Advisory Panel methodology review before validation, annual independent scientific review of all monitoring data, and mandatory reporting of any technology failures or unexpected ecological effects within 30 days.

Electrochemical CDR Systems

• Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) - electrochemical CO₂ separation from seawater (ECO-M01)
• Seawater electrolysis - shifts carbonate equilibrium enabling gaseous CO₂ extraction (ECO-M02)

Measurement & Verification

Stable Pyrogenic Carbon from Biomass - Soil Applied for Durability

Biochar projects pyrolyse sustainable biomass under limited oxygen to produce highly stable pyrogenic carbon with a mean residence time of 100–1,000+ years in soil. The biological component is the soil system receiving and stabilising biochar; the technology component is the engineered pyrolysis reactor. All biochar must meet Teravent Biochar Quality Criteria (TBQC): H/Corg ≤ 0.7, minimum 50% carbon content, and heavy metal concentrations below Teravent Maximum Contaminant Levels.

THS v1.0 Annex A applies the Teravent Biochar Stability Assessment Protocol: biochar with H/Corg < 0.4 achieves high stability (MRT > 1,000 years); pyrolysis temperatures exceeding 500°C are presumed to achieve this threshold without additional analysis, subject to VVB confirmation.

Biochar Feedstock and Production Types

• Agricultural residue pyrolysis - rice husks, straw, sugarcane bagasse (BCH-M01)
• Woody biomass biochar - wood waste and forestry residues (BCH-M02)
• Sewage sludge biochar - controlled soil application (BCH-M03)
• Co-composting with biochar - combined product soil application (BCH-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Silicate Mineral Amendments Driving Atmospheric CO₂ Mineralisation on Farmland

Enhanced weathering on agricultural land accelerates silicate mineral dissolution in the farm soil environment to drive atmospheric CO₂ removal. The agricultural ecosystem is the biological component providing the weathering context; the technology component is the quarrying, crushing, and application of minerals at rates far exceeding natural weathering. This is a Class III Mineral pathway.

THS v1.0 Annex B follows the same three quantification approaches as TTS Annex D (cation flux, isotopic tracing, geochemical model) but with additional crop system modelling for root respiration and soil pH effects on dissolution rates. The Soil Health+ and Food Security+ co-benefit labels are frequently applicable given pH amelioration and nutrient supply co-benefits.

ERW Agricultural Variants

• Basalt spreading on cropland - cation flux tracked via soil drainage water (ERW-M01)
• Wollastonite application - rapid calcium silicate dissolution with strong liming effect (ERW-M02)
• Integrated soil amendment programmes - multiple silicates with agronomic design (ERW-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Combining Tree Carbon and Pyrogenic Carbon for Enhanced Sequestration

Agroforestry with biochar integrates the tree biomass and soil organic carbon sequestration of agroforestry systems with the high-stability pyrogenic carbon of biochar soil amendments. Both components are integral to project design - additionality must be demonstrated for the combined hybrid system, not merely one element.

THS v1.0 Annex C requires allometric biomass measurement per tree species and region, soil organic carbon sampling, and biochar quality verification per TBQC at each production batch. Leakage assessment must consider displacement of food production from any land converted to integrated systems.

Agroforestry-Biochar System Types

• Silvopastoral systems - trees integrated with grazing, biochar applied to pasture (AFB-M01)
• Tree-crop systems - alley cropping or multi-strata with biochar in crop rows (AFB-M02)

Measurement & Verification

Digitally Verified Agricultural Carbon with Precision Technology

Climate-smart agriculture projects combine improved agricultural management with digital MRV technology (remote sensing, IoT soil sensors, AI-optimised management platforms) to enable carbon credit issuance at scales and precisions not achievable by conventional plot-based sampling alone. The technology component is necessary for the carbon accounting - not merely optional.

THS v1.0 Annex D requires dMRV technology to be independently validated against minimum 50 reference plots per 1,000 ha before registration. Cross-calibration against direct soil sampling occurs annually. Machine learning models must have published accuracy metrics. N₂O emission reductions from precision nutrient management are credited as a secondary benefit.

Climate-Smart Methodology Variants

• Integrated soil health management - cover cropping, reduced tillage, precision nutrients with dMRV (CSA-M01)
• Water-smart irrigation with soil carbon monitoring to optimise sequestration (CSA-M02)
• AI-optimised fertiliser application reducing N₂O emissions with SOC monitoring (CSA-M03)
• Multi-species intercropping and polyculture with satellite and sensor SOC monitoring (CSA-M04)

Measurement & Verification

GPS-Tracked Livestock and Satellite Monitoring for Grassland Carbon

Managed grazing projects improve grassland soil carbon through rotational and holistic grazing regimes, verified by digital MRV platforms including GPS livestock tracking, satellite NDVI vegetation monitoring, and in-situ soil sensor networks. The technology component materially improves the precision and verifiability of grazing-driven carbon outcomes beyond what unmonitored grazing improvement could achieve.

THS v1.0 Annex E requires quantification and deduction of enteric fermentation methane using Teravent Livestock Emission Table factors (updated annually). Projects demonstrating verified reductions in enteric methane through dietary supplements or breed selection may credit these reductions within the project boundary.

Grazing Management Variants

• Holistic planned grazing - GPS livestock tracking and satellite NDVI monitoring (MGR-M01)
• Rotational grazing with intensive soil carbon monitoring sensor network (MGR-M02)
• Reduced stocking density - documented reduction with verified soil carbon response (MGR-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Landscape-Scale Soil Carbon Credits Enabled by Digital Technology

Precision soil carbon management projects deploy dMRV technology as the primary mechanism enabling verifiable soil carbon credits at landscape scale. The distinguishing hybrid characteristic is that the technology MRV component is the foundation of the carbon accounting, not merely supplementary. Any improved land management practice may qualify provided it is combined with a validated dMRV platform.

THS v1.0 Annex F requires the dMRV technology to be independently validated before project registration, with spatial prediction uncertainty quantified at 90% CI. Where systematic bias exceeds 10% at annual cross-calibration, the model must be recalibrated before further credit issuance.

dMRV Platform Types

• Remote sensing + process-based SOC model - satellite indices calibrated against field data (PSC-M01)
• IoT sensor network - moisture, temperature, electrical conductivity driving SOC estimation (PSC-M02)
• Integrated dMRV platform - combined remote sensing, sensors, and models (PSC-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Engineered Hydrology Supporting Wetland Carbon Sequestration

Engineered wetland projects create or restore wetland ecosystems through purpose-built water control infrastructure - constructed channels, pump systems, water control structures - that creates or maintains wetland conditions beyond what natural hydrology alone would sustain. CH₄ emissions from anaerobic sediment decomposition must be measured and deducted; net GHG benefit is only creditable where CH₄ and N₂O are confirmed to be less than carbon sequestration in CO₂ equivalent terms.

THS v1.0 Annex G requires systematic sediment coring (minimum 1 core per 0.5 ha for constructed wetlands) at project commencement and each verification. Sediment accretion rates are monitored using surface elevation tables or marker horizons. Seasonal CH₄ and N₂O chamber measurements are mandatory.

Engineered Wetland Types

• Constructed treatment wetlands - carbon sequestration while treating wastewater or runoff (EWT-M01)
• Floating wetland islands - engineered platforms supporting vegetation on open water (EWT-M02)
• Hybrid engineered-natural wetland systems - water control linked to adjacent natural wetland (EWT-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Anaerobic Burial of Harvested Biomass for Long-Term Carbon Storage

Biomass burial harvests surplus biomass and buries it in engineered anaerobic conditions - sealed terrestrial trenches or subaqueous placement in deep anoxic environments - to prevent biological decomposition and create long-term carbon storage. The biological component is the photosynthetically-fixed carbon in harvested biomass; the technology component is the engineered burial system.

THS v1.0 Annex H requires CHNS elemental analysis per biomass batch, GPS-registered burial site coordinates in the TCR, and annual surface CH₄ flux surveys at burial sites. Stability factors range from 0.85–0.95 for confirmed anaerobic terrestrial burial and 0.80–0.95 for subaqueous burial in confirmed anoxic environments.

Biomass Burial Variants

• Woody biomass burial - timber, branches, and woody debris in sealed anaerobic trenches (BMB-M01)
• Agricultural residue burial - crop stalks and straws buried to prevent burning or aerobic decomposition (BMB-M02)
• Subaqueous biomass burial - biomass sunk in deep anoxic lake or marine environments (BMB-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Rapid-Growth Biomass Carbon in Products, Biochar, or Standing Biomass

Bamboo is a hybrid pathway because the fast biological carbon accumulation in living bamboo is complemented by industrial processing that extends effective storage beyond the biological half-life of un-harvested culms. Three methodology routes are available: processing into long-lived building products, conversion to biochar per TBQC, or managed plantation with deferred harvest.

THS v1.0 Annex I uses bamboo-specific allometric equations for culm biomass by age class, plus species-specific root-to-shoot ratios for belowground biomass. Natural culm mortality and decomposition rates must be deducted for BAM-M03 standing biomass projects. Product service life determines the durability class for BAM-M01.

Bamboo Carbon Pathways

• Bamboo plantation and harvesting for long-lived construction or industrial products (BAM-M01)
• Bamboo-derived biochar - pyrolysis to produce stable biochar for soil application (BAM-M02)
• Bamboo standing biomass accumulation - managed plantation with deferred harvest (BAM-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Built Environment Vegetation with Precision Urban Carbon Monitoring

Urban green carbon infrastructure combines the biological carbon sequestration of urban vegetation - street trees, parks, green roofs, green walls - with engineered built environment integration and GPS-tracked precision monitoring that enables verifiable carbon accounting at urban landscape scale. A minimum of 10 ha of managed urban green area is required, or an equivalent portfolio.

THS v1.0 Annex J requires GPS-tracked tree inventories for all street trees with species, DBH, height, and condition recorded. A minimum 15% urban tree mortality risk deduction is applied to account for urban stress and replacement cycles. Remote sensing canopy cover (NDVI) across the project area is verified annually.

Urban Green Carbon Types

• Urban tree planting and management - GPS inventory and urban biomass allometrics (UGR-M01)
• Green roofs and walls - engineered systems with monitored biomass and substrate carbon (UGR-M02)
• Urban parkland and greenway expansion - conversion of impervious land to green space (UGR-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Simultaneous Energy Generation and Stable Carbon Sequestration via Pyrolysis

Bioenergy + biochar systems use pyrolysis or gasification to simultaneously generate bioenergy and produce biochar as a co-product, with biochar applied to soil for carbon sequestration. Only the biochar carbon fraction generates Teravent Hybrid Credits (THCs) under THS Annex K; the energy fraction returns to the atmosphere through combustion and is not credited.

A separate TTC-D Reduction Credit may be claimed for fossil fuel displacement from bioenergy generation under TTS v1.0 Annex C - separate registration tracks must be maintained with no double-counting of the same tonne of carbon. All biochar must meet TBQC. Feedstock must meet Teravent Sustainable Biomass Criteria (TSBC).

System Configurations

• Slow pyrolysis - syngas or bio-oil for energy, high-stability biochar co-product (BBK-M01)
• Gasification - power or heat generation, char residue applied to agricultural soils (BBK-M02)

Measurement & Verification

Bio-Based Construction Materials with Long-Term Embodied Carbon Storage

Carbon-negative building materials incorporate biological carbon - from sustainably harvested timber, hemp, agricultural fibres, or mycelium - into engineered building products where embodied carbon stored over the structure's service life exceeds GHG emissions from production. Credits are issued at point of manufacture based on verified product carbon content by CHNS analysis.

THS v1.0 Annex L requires a Product Lifetime Assessment at validation demonstrating minimum 50-year service life, supported by engineering assessments. No ongoing monitoring of individual buildings is required; the product manufacturer maintains sales records by application category at each verification event.

Eligible Building Material Categories

• Mass timber - cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glulam from certified sustainable forestry (CBM-M01)
• Hempcrete and agricultural fibre panels - compressed hemp, straw, or similar (CBM-M02)
• Carbon-cured concrete blocks - CO₂ mineralisation and bio-aggregate substitution (CBM-M03)
• Mycelium-based composites - fungal mycelium on agricultural waste for structural or insulation use (CBM-M04)

Measurement & Verification

Marine Biomass Carbon Cultivation with Engineered Storage Infrastructure

Seaweed and macroalgae cultivation projects combine biological photosynthetic carbon fixation in cultivated macroalgae with engineered cultivation infrastructure and deliberate sinking, composting, or pyrolysis for carbon storage. A mandatory 20% conservative deduction applies due to uncertainties in sinking efficiency and deep-ocean decomposition rates, in addition to standard uncertainty deductions.

THS v1.0 Annex M requires independent marine ecology surveys annually to assess impacts on native macroalgae communities, entanglement risks, nutrient cycling, and heavy metal uptake. SWD-M01 sinking projects seeking reduced conservative deductions must provide independent oceanographic verification of sinking efficiency from deep-ocean tracer studies.

Seaweed Carbon Pathways

• Open-ocean seaweed farming and deliberate sinking to deep anoxic ocean zones (SWD-M01)
• Seaweed composting and soil amendment - harvested seaweed composted for agricultural application (SWD-M02)
• Seaweed biochar production - pyrolysis of dried seaweed, applied to soil per TBQC (SWD-M03)

Measurement & Verification

Purpose-Engineered Soil Substrates Designed for Maximum Carbon Accumulation

Constructed soil carbon systems engineer soil from the substrate up to maximise carbon sequestration capacity, combining designed soil blends - high organic matter, mineral amendments, biochar, and microbial inoculants - with biological cultivation and precision monitoring. Applicable to degraded sites, urban soils, post-industrial land, and purpose-built carbon farming systems.

THS v1.0 Annex N requires a Soil Design Report (SDR) at validation documenting the engineered soil blend formulation, expected SOC sequestration trajectory, and permanence risk assessment. SOC must be monitored at defined depths (10 cm, 30 cm, 60 cm) at permanent monitoring plots with bulk density measured at each depth increment.

Constructed Soil System Types

• Terra preta creation - deliberate biochar-enriched anthropogenic dark earth modelled on Amazonian dark earths (CSC-M01)
• Engineered soil blends - custom substrates combining mineral, organic, and biochar components for maximum SOC accumulation (CSC-M02)

Measurement & Verification